Veronica Roth Fiction and Movie List

Veronica Roth Fiction and Movie List Veronica Roth composed the first of the books that would turn into the top rated Divergent arrangement when she was still in school, winning a degree in exploratory writing. She composed Divergent during winter break before her graduation in 2010 and sold the book that year. It appeared at No. 6 on The New York Times smash hit list. It caught the creative mind of general society, and two additional books in the arrangement followed: Insurgent and Allegiant. In the three youthful grown-up sci-fi books, she recounted to a story about growing up set in dystopian Chicago. Following the arrival of a few Divergent arrangement buddy novellas and short stories, Roth started what may turn into a second arrangement with the arrival of Carve the Mark in 2017. Books and Short Fiction by Veronica Roth 2011 -  Divergent is the main book in a youthful grown-up tragic set of three that happens in a future Chicago. The story is told from the point of view of Tris, a 16-year-old. This future society is part into five groups dependent on the goodness they develop Candor (the genuine), Abnegation (the magnanimous), Dauntless (the fearless), Amity (the peaceful)â and Erudite (the savvy). Each 16-year-old must pick which group they will dedicate their lives to and afterward experience a thorough inception into the gathering. Beatrice, or Tris, must pick between her family and who she genuinely is.2012 -  Insurgent, the second book in the Divergent trilogy, manages the aftermath of Tris decision and an approaching war between factions.2012 -  Free Fourâ -Thisâ short storyâ retells the blade tossing scene from Divergentâ from Tobias perspective.2013 -  Shards Ashesâ -This treasury of short stories incorporated a choice from Veronica Roth.2013 -  Allegiant -The last book in the Divergent trilogy uncovers the insider facts of the tragic world that spellbound a large number of perusers in Divergent and Insurgent. 2013 - Four: The Transfer is aâ novella that inspects the universe of the Divergent arrangement through the eyes of Tobias Eaton.2014-The Initiate - Tobiasâ initiation into Dauntless, his first tattoo, and his enthusiasm for preparing new starts are completely canvassed in this novella.2014 - Four: The Son - This novella investigates Tobiasâ struggles with the Dauntless progressive system as he learns a mystery about his past that could influence his future.2014 - Four: The Traitorâ -The novella runs corresponding with the early occasions in Divergent and incorporates the main gathering of Tobias and Tris Prior.2014 -  Four: A Divergent Story Collection is aâ companion volume to the Divergent arrangement that is told from the viewpoint of Tobias. It incorporates The Transfer, The Initiate, The Son and The Traitor, which were all initially distributed separately.2017 - Carve the Markâ is a sci-fi dream set on a planet where brutality rules and each individual gets a currentgif t, an extraordinary force intended to shape what's to come. The currentgift given to Cyra and Akos, two characters from discrete clans, make them defenseless against the control of others. At the point when the hostility between their groups and families appears to be inconceivable, they choose to help each other to endure. 2017â -We Can Be Mended is a short story epilog that happens five years after Allegiant. It centers around the character Four. Motion pictures Made From Roth Books Four big-screen motion pictures have been produced using the three books of the Divergent arrangement: Dissimilar (2014)Insurgent (2015)The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)The Divergent Series: Ascendent (2017)

Problems Faced Before ERP Implementation

Issues Faced Before ERP Implementation A few information, originating from SAP R/3, goes straightforwardly into SAP NetWeaver BI information stores. In any case, the rest, which originates from different frameworks that handle charging, client relationship the board (CRM), intercession, provisioning, and prepaid deals, goes first to an outsider concentrate/change/load (ETL) framework. The ETL framework takes the information from each call that clients make each installment, each assistance call, and more and changes it dependent on business runs before putting away it in an outsider database About Reliance Infocomm Dependence Infocomm is the result of the late visionary Dhirubhai Ambanis (1932-2002) dream to proclaim a computerized insurgency in India by bringing reasonable methods for data and correspondence to the doorsteps of Indias immense populace. Make the devices of Infocomm accessible to individuals at a moderate cost, they will conquer the impairments of ignorance and absence of versatility, Dhirubhai Ambani graphed the crucial Reliance Infocomm in late 1999. He found in the capability of data and correspondence innovation a once in a blue moon open door for India to jump over its recorded heritage of backwardness and underdevelopment. Working dangerously fast, from late 1999 to 2002 Reliance Infocomm manufactured the spine for an advanced India 60,000 kilometers of fiber optic spine, confounding the whole nation. The Reliance Infocomm skillet India arrange was dispatched on December 28, 2002, the 70th birth commemoration of Dhirubhai. This day additionally denoted his first birth commemoration after his death July 6, 2002. Dependence Infocomm arrange is a dish India, high limit, incorporated (remote and wireline) and concurrent (voice, information and video) advanced system, intended to offer administrations that length the whole Infocomm esteem chain foundation, administrations for ventures and people, applications and counseling. The system is intended to convey administrations that will cultivate another lifestyle for India. Explain explain CRM is the result of explain Inc. Client Relationship Management is a far reaching business methodology, concentrated on the way toward securing, overseeing, holding and cooperating with specific clients to make unrivaled long haul an incentive for the organization and the clients. Basically, CRM endeavors to recognize clients who give the best come back to the organization, and to advance associations with those clients. CRM highlights Sectioning clients Reacting exceptionally to the best clients Having a 360 degree see, of a client Estimating and driving down the expense of client procurement Pulling in clients utilizing the totality of the experience you give Requirement for CRM Clients have the high ground in most buy exchanges They are inalienably less faithful They have rising desires They no longer endure organizations that dont get the nuts and bolts right Focal points of CRM To increase a superior comprehension of clients needs and needs Permits organizations to accumulate and get to data about clients purchasing accounts, inclinations, grievances, and other information so they can more readily envision what clients will need. The objective is to impart more noteworthy client reliability. Utilized in relationship with information warehousing, information mining, call focuses and other knowledge based applications Quicker reaction to client requests Expanded proficiency through computerization Acquiring data sharable with colleagues More profound comprehension of Customers Expanded promoting and selling openings Recognizing the most productive clients Improved items and administrations through client input Explain Design Philosophy Adaptable Any place potential principles are held as information in the application Adjustable Amazingly simple to change look and usefulness of screens Can include new fields, tables and connections to the database Upgradeable We need you to have the option to remain current without any problem Exceptionally scaleable High volume with great reaction times Complete and open information model More adaptability than a great many people need Can utilize any SQL-based devices for announcing, and so on Internationalize Capacity to manage multi-money, various dialects, and so forth Work process orientated Solid proprietorship worldview so nothing gets lost in an outright flood Utilization of measures The new applications incorporate Clarify Customer Portal which stores client data and lets clients speak with an organization by means of techniques, for example, E-mail and online talk. Explain eOrder lets clients shop online at that point takes arranges and oversees them through satisfaction; it works related to Clarify eConfigurator which decides client needs and afterward designs complex items. Explain eMerchandising lets organizations draw from client examination information and create customized showcasing efforts and item contributions Explain Applications Call Center: ClearCallCenter Front end for Contact Center Agents Oversees in general client cooperation Can be utilized as deals application or as a front-end to ClearSupport for half and half deals/administration. Works in both relationship-based call places and high-volume, one and done deals conditions Deals Force Automation: ClearSales Handles prospects and leads Deals power robotization Gives the board of all parts of the selling cycle, from lead through finished request. Gives an undertaking wide perspective on deals and bolster exercises in represents progressing relationship the board exercises Client care: ClearSupport Is a difficulty the executives framework Single purpose of contact for administration solicitations and issue detailing Complete specialized help the executives framework, Handles calls that include administration demands, questions, and so on. DSS is an information warehousing office that takes into account the necessities of the administration by conveying imperative data to business clients to settle on opportune and exact choices for business development prompting viable and productive activities to increase a serious edge in the commercial center. DSS is a framework that Collects information from various sources, Summarizes information according to business needs and makes reports at business tasks DSS empowers business clients to midway screen and break down data, screen different occasions and empower them to respond to those occasions by giving a solitary perspective on business data. DSS is a business-driven information warehousing division with an incorporated work process system that supports smoothed out business forms. It conveys superior access to all data and applications on CRM, Billing, Product and Network spaces. CRM applications conveyed by a DSS empower business client to dissect number of clients, patterns and use examples of individual clients, singular client records, and so on. It additionally holds data about client care like Interaction and Cases took care of by Call Center, Number of Interactions, Interaction Category, Number of Cases, Case Status, Case Category, and so on. Item applications give all appropriate data about the utilization and execution of different items like SMS, R-Connect, R-World and so on. Charging applications give all appropriate data about the charging and extraordinary of RIM clients. It holds in data of ADC Service Status, Billing Circle, CIOU Code, Channel Code, Channel Type, City, Customer Type, No.of Invoices, and No. of Payments, OG Barred Status, OTAF Month, Payment Option, Rate Plan, Service shrewd, Month insightful, Zero Payment astute Billing Status. DSS offers three sorts of reports to be specific: OLAP Reports (http://dss.ril.com/) Business Intelligence Reports (http://dssbi.ril.com) Specially appointed Reports dependent on the information mentioned by the business client ETL The abbreviation ETL is utilized to portray the procedures utilized by DSS to acquire information from outer sources and make it usable to the DSS applications. ETL represents Extract, Transform and Load. Extraction is the way toward choosing and pulling information from the operational and outer information sources, so as to set it up for the stockroom. Likewise called Data Extraction. A decent extraction depends on a Business Rule. Business rules are applied to information utilizing requirements. There are two essential ways that the concentrate procedure is performed. Either the framework giving data will give the DSS group a feeder record. This document will than be acknowledged by DSS and used to stack tables. The other choice is for the DSS group to compose SQL code and really act set up extractions from source frameworks. In both of these cases, the planning, information volume gauges and source frameworks impacts should be thought of Change is the way toward controlling information. Any control past duplicating is a change. Procedure incorporates purifying, totaling, and coordinating information from various sources. Model: Address1, Address2, Address3 could be connected as one single field. Change is the greatest, generally entangled, most asset escalated and generally significant of DSS process. The change takes crude, unclean, unformatted, unsynchronized, meager, and frequently degenerate information sources and normalizes, tidies and matches it up enough to make it valuable for additional examination. . BO Business Objects is an announcing instrument for SQL agreeable databases. It permits clients to get ready custom reports from various databases at the same time, which thus encourages propelled detailing and information investigation. Stacking is the last advance in the ETL procedure. Stacking is simply taking the yields from the change procedure and placing it into an Oracle table. The way toward moving separated, changed into the information distribution center. By and large the information is stacked to the Target table. Target table holds the transitional or conclusive outcomes of any piece of the ETL procedure. The objective of the whole ETL process is the information distribution center. BW The SAP Business Information Warehouse permits you to investigate information from employable SAP applications just as all different business applications and outer information sources, for example, databases, online assistance

7 Reasons to Write Even When You Dont Feel Like It

7 Reasons to Write Even When You Don’t Feel Like It Writing an essay or a lab report can definitely seem like a chore! It’s hard work, and you can’t help thinking that there are other things you’d rather be doing. But writing is not just some kind of meaningless ritual that professors compel you to do out of routine. There are many ways in which writing helps you long-term, in your classes, your career, and your personal life. Here’s how. 1. It enhances creativity and imagination. Writing gives you the opportunity to explore and use your imagination. Ultimately, that will improve your problem-solving abilities and help you feel more motivated. When you are able to use your imagination, learning can be more fun! 2. It allows you to demonstrate your learning. Sure, there are lots of different ways a student can show that he’s learned something, but let’s face it: most professors are going to require you to demonstrate what you’ve learned through a research paper, a lab report, or an essay prompt. If your writing skills are weak, that’s going to be an obstacle to showing your competence. 3. It helps you communicate your ideas clearly. The ability to write helps us express our feelings and ideas in all kinds of situations! Whether it’s a love letter to a significant other or a petition to affect the social change in your community, writing will help you clarify your thoughts and get them across clearly. 4. It is an essential skill for every academic area. No matter what your major is, your professors are going to expect you to be able to write. If you’re studying engineering or accounting, you may think that you won’t ever need to know how to write, but see the next point. 5. It is an important skill for almost every career. Are you planning to start your own business someday? Well, you’re going to need to write a business plan. Are you studying to become a nurse? Nurses need to write up notes on their patients every day. More importantly, research shows that employees with strong writing ability are statistically more likely to advance in their chosen careers, all the way up to the corporate level. 6. It helps you understand and remember information. What do you do when you’re going to the store and need to remember what you’re getting? You write it down, of course. That’s because writing aids memory. It’s the same with course material: taking the time to write about what you’re learning will help you remember and understand it better. 7. It helps you understand your own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. There’s a reason why blogging and journaling are such popular activities. The act of writing helps us make sense of the story of our lives, so that we can set effective goals for our future growth. We know that you’d rather be socializing with friends or vegging out in front of the TV. Writing is not necessarily the most fun activity in the world. But it will bring you some lasting benefits. And who knows? Once you start writing every day, you may even find that you love it.

Analysis of Law of Torts Cases Free Essay Example, 2000 words

In Ryan v. Youngs (1938), the defendant s servant, while driving a lorry, suddenly died, which resulted in an accident and consequent injury to the plaintiff. The driver appeared to be quite healthy and the defendant could not foresee his sudden death. It was held that the accident was due to an act of God and, the defendant was not liable. It is also a stated position that Reasonable foreseeability does not mean remote possibility. According to Champan v. Hoarse (1961) 108 C. L.R. 112, at 115, per Dixon C. J.) to establish negligence it is not enough to prove that the injury was foreseeable, but a reasonable likelihood of the injury has also to be shown because foreseeability does not include any idea of likelihood at all. Lord Dunedin in Fardon v. Harcourt-Rivington (1932) 146 L. T. 391) said that if the possibility of danger emerging is only a mere possibility which would never occur to the mind of a reasonable man, then there is no negligence in not having taken extraordin ary precautions .. People must guard against reasonable probabilities but they are not bound to guard against fantastic possibilities. Even a council has a duty of care towards his client, the council should be careful in performing his professional duties. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Law of Torts Cases or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page A breach of any of the above-mentioned duties gives a right of action for negligence to the patient. It is also a settled position that Duty must be owed to the Plaintiff, Mere carelessness on the part of the defendant does not entitle the plaintiff to sue him, it has to be proved that the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff.

ASSIGNMENT ON SOUND TRADEMARK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3522 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ASSIGNMENT ON SOUND TRADEMARK STEPPING AGAINST CONVENTIONALITYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ - INTRODUCTION:- A sound trademark is a non-conventional trademark where the trademark function of uniquely identifying the commercial origin of products or services is achieved by means of an audio clip. They are identified by hearing without support through speech. As such they can be utilized in acoustic brand marketing, which creates the need to register them as trademarks to protect a companysintellectual propertyand ensure their use as exclusive identifier for the company, just like a company logo does.Sound trademarksare protected trademarks centred on the reproduction of sounds and tones. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "ASSIGNMENT ON SOUND TRADEMARK" essay for you Create order Combinations of sound and word or graphic elements are additional design options. Typical sound marks includetunesjingles,melodies as well as general sounds or noise. Sound marks can function as trade mark or service mark, as source identifiers for goods and/or services in commerce. Even though trademarks consisting of sounds have existed for many years, there is no uniformity regarding protection for such marks in the global market place or on the international level. [1] The trademark laws passed in the European Union do not explicitly include sound in the definition of trademarks; the European Court of Justice felt that sound signs could be registered as trademarks so long as their use made it possible to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. To be registered in the European Union, sounds must not only follow traditional trademark laws but also be represented graphically in a way that is clear, precise, self-contained, equally accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. In general, applications in the form of musical notations describing the sound meet these requirements, whereas onomatopoeic descriptions do not. This means that musical notes that can be represented in the form of musical notations are acceptable whereas noises like a dog barking or a lion roaring which cannot be represented by a musical notation but has to be described onomatopoeically or through a sonogram cannot be eligible for a trademark in the European Union. Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM) Corporation had applied for the registration of a sound, that of a Lion roaring, by submitting a sonogram for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s roarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [2] The application has been refused in the European Union. Interestingly, the same trademark has been granted in the US. In the United States, whether a sound can serve as a trade mark à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“depends on the aural perception of the listener which may be as fleeti ng as the sound itself unless, of course, the sound is so inherently different or distinctive that it attaches to the subliminal mind of the listener to be awakened when heard and to be associated with the source or event with which it struck.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Quite simply this means that if a sound lingers in the mind of the listener and the listener subsequently associates a source or event with that sound then the sound may be eligible for a trademark. LANDMARK CASES REALTING TO NON CONVENTIONAL TRADE MARK : In Ralf Sieckmann v. German Patent[3] Office the ECJ by the German Federal Patent Court, the ECJ decided that graphical representation per se is not enough for registration, and it must met the following criteria: It must complete, clear and precise so that object of the right of exclusivity is immediately clear. It must be intelligible to those persons having an interest in inspecting the register,i.e. other manufactures and consumers. The normal ways of graphical represent ability. The normal way of graphical representation of sound mark is use of musical notations and written description. As a practical matter, however not everyone can read written music. Moreover written musical notes while indicating pitch, normally will not indicate tone, and different tones can be used, namely, musical notes give a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the music but not the music itself. An apparent solution would be deposit a digital recording of the sound with the registrar instead of graphical representation, which has been rejected by the INTA as being impracticable, for firstly sound cannot be published by the Trademark Registry and people have to go to the registry to hear it, and secondly, it would be difficult for the registry to store so many sound samples.[4] The INTA Resolution 1997[5] on the inclusion of sound marks as registrable marks has analysed various impediments to the registration of sounds as trademarks, such as, enforceability, functionality of such sounds, problems of graphical representation and physical affixation which they say can be solved with help of traditional trademark principles. More or less INTA seems to have maintained the position that sound is connected with a product or service may serve as a trademark and therefore, in appropriate circumstances, should be entitled to trademark recognition, protection and registration in the same way and subject to the same standards as any other trademark. Sounds can be an important element in branding and corporate identification. Sounds can help consumers distinguishing a particular service or product from another. Whether a specific sound has the ability to function as a trademark, is a question of fact in each case[6] In the case of Shield Mark BV v Joost Kist h.o.d.n Memx[7] the ECJ observed that the requirement of graphical representation was not satisfied when the sound is represented graphically by means o f a description using the written language, such as: An indication that the sign consist of the notes going to make up a musical work An indication that it is the cry of an musical By means of a simple onomatopoeia By means of a sequence of musical notes[8] The case dealt with registration of sound marks. The Court held that sound marks were registrable but the requirement of graphical representation along with distinctiveness of sound had to be met with. It further stated that written description of a sound, onomatopoeia and musical notes were not enough (as in the case, the Dutch onomatopoeia for cockcrow). In the given case, however the court did not lay down appropriate mode of representation for the sound of a cockcrow or any other sound, leaving it to a particular country to decide on its particular requirements. However, the Court indicated that whatever be mode of representation, it should be clear, precise, self contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. The problem with written sound marks like notions is that while it might indicate pitch, it will not indicate the tone. [9] On the other hand, graphical representability requirements are satisfied where the sound is represented as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ a stave divided into measures and showing, in particular, a clef, musical notes and rests whose form indicates the relative value and where necessary, accidentals.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Example 1 The trade mark is a sound mark consisting of 5 consecutive notes, namely ABCED.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] Example 2: Schedule of Sound mark to represent different bass, marimba, sfx and etc PRTOTECTION AND REGISTRATION OF SOUND TRADEMARK IN USA The Lanham Act of the United States defines trademark, essentially, as any word, name, symbol, or device[11], or any combination thereof used to identify and distinguish goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.[12] Thus, there is no requirement of capability of graphical representation for a trademark. The purpose behind graphical representation, while registration, of the trademark is to enable competitors and others to know what has been trademarked. Registration puts other producers on notice tha t a trademark is already in use. This means that the fellow competitors and the public must know a given trademark in a clear, precise before[13] registration of the trademark. Despite this, there is no need for a mark to be graphically represented for the registration purposes in the United States. The Trademark Rules of Procedure explicitly provides for the registration of sound marks. Sound marks which are not used in printed or written form can be registered when submitted on a disc However, the criteria for registering a sound mark differs from those traditionally applied to word marks. In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co[14], General Electric Broadcasting Company sought to register, as a sound mark, a ships bell clock as a service mark for radio broadcasting services. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (T.T.A.B.) held that this sound mark could not be registered because it was not proven to identify the applicants services. The Board held that the mark was not inher ently distinctive and secondary meaning[15] had not been proven. The opinion, written by administrative Judge Lefkowitz, stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the criteria for the registration of sound marksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  differed from traditional trademark analysis. The aural perception of a sound mark may be fleeting, unless à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the sound is so inherently different or distinctive that it attachesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and awakens the subliminal mind of the listener when heard and is associated with a particular source or event. The opinion set forth conditions under which sounds function as source indicators.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] A distinction must be made between unique, different, or distinctive sounds and those that resemble or imitate commonplace sounds or those to which listeners have been exposed under different circumstances. This does not mean that sounds that fall within the latter group, when applied outside of the common environment cannot function as marks for the service s in connection with which they are used. But, whereas the arbitrary, unique or distinctive marks are register able as such on the Principal Register without supportive evidence, those that fall within the second category must be supported by evidence to show that purchasers, prospective purchasers and listeners do recognize and associate the sound with services offered and/or rendered exclusively with a single, albeit anonymous, source.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In other words, because of their nature, sound marks require proof of distinctiveness, or in the alternative, proof of secondary meaning, before being entitled to registration. But a different spectrum of distinctiveness than that applied to traditional marks is followed.[17] The TTAB has defined the spectrum as the distinction between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unique, different, or distinctiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  sounds on the one hand and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commonplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  sounds on the other hand. It is pertinent to highlight three iss ues. Firstly, there is no need to prove secondary meaning in the case of inherently distinctive sounds. However, there is neither any explanation of inherently distinctive sounds or commonplace sounds nor any criteria for distinguishing inherently distinguishable sounds from common place sounds. Secondly, we can draw a close analogy between sound marks and word marks. Sound marks that are presumed to be inherently distinctive are similar to the arbitrary or fanciful marks. Both of them donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t require any proof of secondary meaning. In contrast, place sounds are similar to the descriptive words in a sense that both require proof of secondary meaning during registration of the mark. Lastly, Sound marks are different from the Word marks because the former doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t require any graphical registration while graphical representation is necessary for the latter marks. This doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that sound marks are in any way inferior to the word mark s. They perform the same function as performed by the word marks.[18] Thus, the description of the sound is the only means for presenting, in any printed record, the essence of the mark.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [19] This is done because actual sound cannot be represented visually and, hence, the U.S. system recognizes the description of the sound in the application as the accepted scope of the mark being sought. Accordingly, sound marks have been registered with descriptions using onomatopoeia, listed musical notes, and simple declaratory phrases, but generally there is no preferred method for the description of a sound. INDIA LAWS RELATING TO à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SOUND TRADE MARKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  PROTECTION Non Conventional trademarks are those trademarks which do not fall under the conventional category of trade. There has been no act which defines what non conventional is but with different case the understanding that has come up is that it is essential for trade mark to be visible to be represented but there are some trademarks which cannot be visible but can be heard, smelled, or could be tasted this kind of trademarks are called as non conventional trademark as sound being one of them. Musical Note, jingle, noise sound of an animal falls under the preview sound. To use sound as a part of trade it is necessary to be protected under trademark. The Sec 2 (1) (zb) of the Indian Trade Mark Act defines trademark[20] and as per Section 18[21] of the Indian Trademarks Act, any application for registration of a trademark should be in compliance with Rules. According to Rule 25(12)[22] b of the Trade mark Rules, 2002 the application for registration of a trademark for goods and services has to be such that it can be depicted graphically. Further, Rule 28 makes it clear that the trademark should be such that it can be represented on paper. Rule 30 further makes a specification to the effect that the graphical representation made should be durable and satisfactory. In addit ion to this, what needs to be remembered is that Rule 29(3) makes it explicit that three-dimensional marks can also be registered and so can a combination of colours. Sec 9 (3) makes exceptions to registrability of shapes as a trade mark if it result or where the shape gives substantial value to the goods. It might also be noted that Sec 2 (1) m of the Trademarks Act defines mark to be an inclusive definition consisting of shapes and packaging of goods or a combination of colours.[23] INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS:- The Indian Courts follows the concept of graphical representation to register sound trademark. The first sound mark that has been in India is the Yahoo doodle. The important issue is that it is necessary to show secondary meaning for the unconventional trademarks such as sound marks before allowing registration of the sound mark in cases where the sound is related to some object and has primary meaning. (Ex: dog barking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BOW BOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cannot be regis tered until it defines a secondary meaning to it which helps to distinguish the producer of a good.) The limited applications on registration of sound mark have resulted in the prevalence of ambiguities in the realm of unconventional trademarks. The proposed TMR manual of 2008 states that sound may be registered in India if it can be represented graphically and be distinguished from others. It provides limitation on using of nursery rhymes, simple music (one note), chimes, and music of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own country. In USA sound to be trademarked need to be unique in nature and even if it is not unique it should be such that it should justify itself that the mass can determine its product by hearing the respective sound relating to the product, whereas India has limited its view on non traditional mark by imitating the stand of European Union. Sound marks are widely used in trade and it becomes difficult to graphically represent sound in all cases. The representation of sound t hrough onomatopoeia or sonogram becomes difficult as onomatopoeia of a sound can be written differently and interpreted differently from what is actually heard as for the use of sonogram in sound it cannot reflect the correct notes it only measures the frequency of the sound. For registration of sound one should look into the uniqueness of the sound rather than graphical representation of it if a sound can reflect and attach a product to it than it should be allowed to protect as a sound mark. The TRIPS in Art 15 have defined Trademark as any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. It further states that Members may require, as a condition of registration, signs to be visually perceptible. The article read out as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“may requireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which gives us a wider description and that denotes that even without the graphical representation non conventional trademark can be re gistered. For the better growth of the economic industry and better utility of products the courts should step ahead from Shield requirements and should imitate an act which is similar to Lanham Act. For Non conventional trade mark it has to go for two test before it can be granted a trade mark .The test has evolved with time where earlier it was just restricted to the source identifier test and distinctiveness test but in USA in the case of Hardly Davidson, the functionality test was taken to determine the test of sound of v twin engine but the before the court could upheld anything the case had been withdrawn, The functionality test is taken to check if the mark that has to be registered if it have a functional approach will not be liable be under trademark protection. Sound in general is technical in nature and sound can be produced from any source and any kind of sound can be registered, to distinguish what kind of source that can be laid under trademark the test of functiona lity is required to check if the graphical representation of the sound does not fall under the category of functional doctrine. The problem with the general public is with the understanding of non conventional trademark is to relate the graphical representation in common parlance. In the case of Sieckman where the plaintiff tried to register the formula of methy cinnamnate as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“C6H5-CH=CHCOOOCH3 the court rejected the contention that this is cannot be trademarked as formula cannot be held as a graphical representation. The understanding that can be related regarding to be that on view of keeping sample one really needs to look into the methods that can be acquired for graphical representation in common parlance. In USA cases of registering sound as trademark the person need to submit a sample of the sound in wav, mp3 format which help other registrarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to relate to it. Even in India the yahoo doodle gave a graphical representation of its sound an al so had given a mp3 format which help to satisfy the understanding in common parlance. Trade mark jurisdictions like US, has its Trade Mark Electronic Search System (T.E.S.S.)and the European Union has its Community Trade Mark Online which are free searchable online trade mark registers, which helps ensure that graphical representation and the process of registration and also the process of registration in general fulfil their public information functions. One thing that still haunt, both the registered proprietor and the applicant/third party user since there is no clarity as to who shall determine if marks are deceptively similar, and the peril of trespass would be higher if indefinite means of representation are legalized for the purposes of registration. The juxtaposition of an unsolicited ban to recognise untraditional trademarks under legislation removes the cushion against a tone deaf judge and precludes a person of a remedy in law; but this definitely gives more food for thou ght before grant of registration in favour of unconventional marks. 1 [1] Kritarth Pandey, Non Conventional Mark Analysis, https://ssrn.com/abratct.php (last accessed on Sept. 12,2014). [2] Ibid. [3] Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patent and Markenamt, Case C-273/00, 12 Dec 2002, European Court of Justice. [4] Arka Majumdar, The Requirement Of Garaphical Representability for Non- Conventional Trademarks, Vol. 11 (5) JIPR .313-317, 316 (Sept.2006) [5] Ibid., 315. [6] Amicus letter of the INTA in Sheild Mark BV v J Kist, 91 Trademark Reporter 1269 (2001). [7] Shield Mark BV v. Kist, Case C-283/01, The European Court of Justice. [8] Supra n.3. [9] Dev Gangiee, Non-Conventional Trademarks in India, Vol. 22(1) National Law School of Indian Review, 67-95,72(2010). [10] Sound Decription, https://www.copat.de/markenformen/soundmarkenabroad2005.pdf , last accessed on Sept 11,2014 [11] The United States Trademark Association Trademark Review Commissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Report to Congress had recommended that the terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“symbol or deviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  should not be deleted or narrowed to preclude registration of such things as colour ,shape ,smell or sound which function as a trademark. Their suggestion was followed by the US Congress. See Jane C. Ginsburg , Trademarks and Brands-An Inter Disciplinary Critique, 93 (Cambridge University Press 2008). [12] 15 U.S.C. Sec 1127. [13] Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patent and Markenamt, Case C-273/00,12 Dec 2002,European Court of Justice. [14] In re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc., 199 U.S.P.Q. 560 (T.T.A.B. 1978). [15] The concept of secondary meaning is based on the idea that marks that are descriptive of a product are ordinarily not protectable as trademarks. However, some marks may be protected if they have acquired an association or secondary meaning for the consuming public as an identifier of the source of goods. To establish secondary meaning for a mark, a party à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ must show that the primary significance of th e mark in the minds of the consuming public is not the product but the producer. .See Daniel R. Schechter,5 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media Ent. L.J. 481. See also Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc., 698 F.2d 786, 791 (5th Cir.1983). [16] Supra. n. 1. [17] Supra. n. 1. [18] Supra. n.1 [19] Kawasaki Motors Corp. v. H-D Michigan, Inc., 43 U.S.P.Q.2d 1521 (T.T.A.B. 1997). [20] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“trade markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing the goods or service of one persons from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and combination of colours : and.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  . [21] Trade Mark Act 1999 (Act of .47.of 1999). [22] Trade Mark Rules 2002 ( GSR 114 (E) of February 26 2002). [23] NEHA MISHRA, Registration of Non-Traditional Trademarks, Vol. 13 ,JIPR 43-58, 57 (Jan, 2008)

Essay on Capital Punishment - 2824 Words

In my opinion the Retributivist approach to Capital Punishment is the more appropriate view. The Retributivist believes that evil done with a vengeance should be repaid with punishment in-kind. In order to protect society and prevent crime, the death penalty has to be the most severe form of punishment with the biggest impact on society. Persons who commit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they â€Å"deserve† and â€Å"have earned† the death sentence. The right of retaliation can only be made equal by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty argue that†¦show more content†¦If punishment can be shown to promote effectively in the interest of society it is justifiable, otherwise it is not. Utilitariannbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Retributivist Maximize social benefit (maximize the benefit, minimize the harms)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The offender should experience the exact injustice inflicted Focuses upon the goal of punishment in each individual casenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Offender deserves to experience the suffering or suffering inflicted by the criminal act Punishment is morally best which produces the maximum deterrence of criminal harm with the minimum amount of harm to the offendernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Emphasis on the Goal of punishment rather than on an abstract reason Individual cases of punishment are justified if they are in accord with the rules of the justified Punishment systemnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;No equality between the crime of murder and the retaliation except by judicial system executing the criminal Punish only persons who have actually committed crimes, reduction murder ratenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Make offender â€Å"take responsibility† for action, By re-paying the debt to society Number of lives saved , must be exceeded by the number of lives executednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Punish the bad because they deserve it Punishment must effectively promotes the interests of societynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Punishment mustShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. 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The cat free essay sample

The cat is a small pet animal. It resembles the tiger. It has four short legs and a beautiful furry tail. Its body is covered with soft and silky hairs. Its claws and teeth are sharp. It walks or runs without making any noise. It has bright and greyish eyes. It can see even in the darkness. The cat is found all over the world. The cat is fond of fish and milk. It likes comfort. It is generally meek and gentle. People keep cats in the house for scaring the mice. When hungry, it mews softly. It likes to rest in warm places, sometimes on carpets or near the oven in the kitchen. The dishonest cats steal food from the kitchen. The cat kills rats or snakes. Pussy cats are pets of children in the house. The cat is a small, playful creature, but sometimes it behaves ferociously, when angry. We will write a custom essay sample on The cat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wild cats are found in the woods. They are different in character from the domestic cats. The excitment as you look around you and see crowds of people from all over the world. It makes you reallly think about how one place can attract so many people; sky scraper buildings, glamourous clothes shops filling the high streer, (A girls paradise) kids in the park and cafes galore. Many people come here in search of one thing celebrities come here to shoot a movie which is pretty cool walking about exploring the exciting things that surround you, and you come across someone that you have watched in a movie or on television and the fact that you have been to the place that they once stood. Makes you feel fabulous as if you are a celebrity yourself. When I was walking from the hotel to the underground with my mother and sister, I thought we were completley lost but my mother reassured me that she knew were we where. However half an hour later my mum realised that we were in fact lost! Although I was scared my mum stayed calm and went and purchased a map and we were soon realised that we had taken a wrong turn. When we finally arrived at the underground there was a tube about to leave we rushed through the crowds of people felt as if there was millions of them, we ran to the tube and a kind elderly man opened the doors just before   the tube was about to leave we got on the tube to see every one staring at us and there was no where to sit you where to sit you where all cramped on small, claustrophobic and overcrowded carriage. After a long, exhausting and uncomfortable journey we fianally arrived at are destination. Which is my favourite place the LONDON EYE!!! The downside was we had to wait in a queue by the length of the queue would take up most of our time in London. While standing in the queue I was shaking nervously as I watched ahead and seen the security guards searching people  when it came to my whole stomach turned even though I had nothing to hide but I felt so guilty as if I have done something wrong even though I knew I had not done anything wrong. A sense of relief came over me when i realise I was all clear and one step closer to being on one of the most famous places in the United Kingdom. As I was over a hundred feet high looking down over the whole of London at the tiny people below. Although mum was to frightened to get up from the seat my sister and I went to the window to admire the amazing view. After a few times of taking pictures of the lovely surroundings, we tried to spot various buildings such as the Big Ben, Buckingham Palace and 10 downing street, which we later visited, which we later visited, which took a lot of time and energy running from train to train and bus to bus. When we fianlly returned to the hotel even though we were exhausted from are days experience my sister and I decide to stay up late and look through all the pictures that we had taken of the sites that we had seen earlier our favourite sweets. London is my favourite place because I got to see the amazing sites and got to experience all this while spending time with my family. In a formal essay, refrain from exclamation points, capitalized phrases, and slang such as cool. Also, I feel like anyone who goes to London will say that they like site seeing and spending time with family. Try to be more meaningful in your concluding sentence like how you felt connected with the sites knowing that people from your culture created something that magnificent.

Allen Fung on the Sino-Japanese War essays

Allen Fung on the Sino-Japanese War essays Allen Fung provides a persuasive argument for China's defeat against Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Sino-Japanese War was an attempt by China to prevent a Japanese stronghold in Korea. Fung's reasoning for China's defeat does not follow the traditional mainstream historian's beliefs. Traditionally, the reasons for China's failure to drive Japan out of Korea were due to China's lack of weaponry and lack of leadership and experience from the Chinese Commanders. Fung attacks the theory of China's lack of weaponry and leadership. Fung focuses on the Battle of Pingrang, the most important battle in the Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese soldiers were well equipped in the battle of Pingrang with the Mauser Breech- loaders and Krupp artillery guns. Even though China may have been equipped at Pingrang, China battalion had different ammunition within the battalions. Using different weaponary within the same battalion is hard for mobilization and coordination of the battalion. Fung uses the the different weaponary within each battalion as one of many reasons the Chinese failed strategically to overcome Japan at Pingrang. After the China defeat at Pingrang, the number of weaponry declined due to Japan crushing the best-equipped Chinese forces. Japan was able to capture the entire Chinese premium weapons used at Pingrang. After the battle of Pingrang the armies lacked even the basic necessities to fight a war. Fung describes the main failure of the Chinese army was the lack of military training that the soldiers had provided to them. China had strong weapons; the main problem was being able to use these weapons efficiently. Throughout the war the Chinese soldiers simply did not contain the knowledge to be able to use the weapons to their advantage. Their artillery skills were awful and it showed during battle. The discipline among the troops was a major issue for the Chinese. Fung builds on the lack of discipline amon...

Writing the Perfect College Entrance Essay

Writing the Perfect College Entrance Essay Free Online Research Papers Writing the Perfect College Entrance Essay In AP English Language, taught by Dr. Phillips, the first few weeks of class were spent writing college essays. As Dr. Phillips says, â€Å"a good essay might not necessarily get you into a college, but a bad one will most certainly keep you out.† She stresses that the important thing to remember is that these essays are being reviewed by one who will have been reviewing these sorts of essays for a long time before. Therefore, it is especially important that the essay is unique and interesting. Going along with that, our class was given a copy of a sheet which included â€Å"Essays to Avoid† (From â€Å"For some Applicants, Student Essay Unlocks or Seals the Door to College† Maureen David). The essays to avoid (though this isn’t absolute) include: â€Å"My Favorite Things† essay, Trip essay, â€Å"Miss America† essay, â€Å"jock† essay and 3D (diversity of interests) essay. These should generally be avoided because they don’t allow for much personal growth. In the jock essay, one could write about how playing football showed him or her about teamwork. Well, that person and half of the other people applying could say the EXACT SAME THING. For the â€Å"my favorite things† essay, one might say that they like advanced technology because it allows people from all over the world to communicate in a big, happy, pool of diversity. That’s all fun and neat, but such essays fail to say anything about you as a person. Lots of students found that writing essays about someone who has had an impact on them were very effective. These essays are especially good because they don’t have to be too self-focused, and they allow you the opportunity to focus on someone other than yourself while revealing bits of information about yourself. Being able to do that is a definite mark of good writing. Also, it’s necessary to remember to be yourself. By all means, you should try to be positive and witty and sincere and use high diction, but making an essay generic will cause the person who’s reading it to fall asleep. You shouldn’t be negative though. While starting off your essay by saying â€Å"I hate everyone† wouldn’t cause anyone to fall asleep (unless they were really tired), it wouldn’t give a very good impression of you. One also can’t praise oneself too much. No one likes reading an essay which goes â€Å"I learned about being a good person, nice, kind, caring, positive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because it’s essentially bragging. And, one last bit of advice: Don’t drag it on. The more you can say in a shorter space, the better. Once again, college application evaluaters don’t want to read novels. Mr. Anderson says â€Å"it strikes me as absurd to ask someone to reveal their personality in 500 words or les s,† but in the case of college applications, it’s a necessity. Have fun! Research Papers on Writing the Perfect College Entrance EssayHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Valuation of a Building for a Hospitality Project Research Paper

Valuation of a Building for a Hospitality Project - Research Paper Example This project is going to give the investor a reason to buy the property for a sustainable gain for the long term future. The long term from this particular property chosen is great due to high net revenue returning to the investor. The total revenue collected over the first year will be just over 4.25 million dollars. The net operating income after subtracting all expenses is just over 225,000 dollars. 1 The sources used in this project all came from the internet. The various sources give us the information that will provide the investor with the information he needs to learn about the chosen property for this project. To find this property, I chose to search the internet for hotels for sale. I came across the website for the realtors Huff, Niehaus, and Associates which shows the property listing for the property I chose. That property is the Crowne Plaza Cincinnati Blue Ash just outside of Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The analysis used in this paper is SWOT analysis with a valuation process that uses three approaches. Thus, we use the three different approaches to give us an overall feel for exactly what the property is worth. This project is broken up into several sections. The first section that will be looked at is the Executive Summary. The next section, that follows the Executive Summary, is the Property Summary where this project will take an in-depth look at the Crowne Plaza Blue Ash. This in-depth look will show a literal descriptive snapshot of the hotel along with some pictures as well. We’ll also take a look at the valuation process which we used to determine the value of the hospital to our investor. Then, we’ll take a look a look at the Market, in which, the Crowne Plaza Cincinnati Blue Ash resides. The last section is the conclusion which will sum up the reasoning for the investor to buy the recently renovated hotel. The market research that will be shown here will show that it will be advantageous to purchase the

Motivating Employees in internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivating Employees in internship - Essay Example I believe money can buy most of the thing but it certainly cannot buy everything (Nohria, Groysberg & Lee, 2008). Mental peace, leadership and behavioral approaches of the leaders also motivate me significantly. Leisure time or time off refreshes my mind and it thus motivates me. That is why I don’t get enough motivations from money. To get motivations I need other things apart from the money. Only high money can’t motivate me. During the economic down turn managers can motivate people with the help of continuous persuasion. At that point of time generally subordinates feel that their career goals and objectives are beyond their reach. During that period of time managers should play a role of mentor where the mangers should inspire the people for more hard works. In the context of economic downturn, managers lead by example. During the period of economic boom, employees often feel that they can easily reach towards their goals. Under these circumstances employees generally take everything for granted. It results in to lots of mistakes from the side of the employee. In this circumstances managers should motivated their employees for further more excellence. Diversity in the workforce is highly important for the motivational efforts. It always increases the environment of motivation. Diversity is a factor that creates a sense of unity in the organizational context. Diversity creates an environment of information sharing. With the information sharing employees in the organization can share their ideas among them. It allows them to increase their organizational knowledge (Burton, 2012). Diversity creates cultural bridges among the highly diverse workforce. Cultural bridge can motivate the workforce and creates suitable organizational environment. All the above discussions and arguments are clearly indicating that, diversity in the workforce affects motivation efforts in positive ways. That means

The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty Essay Example for Free

The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty Essay The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1754-2731.htm TQM 25,5 The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty 520 The case of Uganda airline industry Juliet Namukasa Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda Abstract Purpose – The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. To achieve this, the research was guided by four specific objectives to which data collection was effected mainly by interview method using fully structured questionnaires. Design/methodology/approach – The study used random sampling technique and it covered 303 respondents on international flights using Entebbe International Airport. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences 16, were w2 was used to test the hypothesis and regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. Findings – Findings indicated that the quality of pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services had a statistically significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In addition to that, passenger satisfaction as a mediating variable also had a significant effect on passenger loyalty. It was noted that passenger satisfaction differed from person to person as some were more interested in off board facilities, others onboard, others in the quality of food while others wanted more extra luggage. Originality/value – It was recommended that airline management should consider developing various strategies for  improving service quality based on demographic characteristics of the customers such as occupation, age, gender and education level. Keywords Customer loyalty, Customer satisfaction, Airline service quality, Competitiveness, Airlines, Uganda Paper type Research paper The TQM Journal Vol. 25 No. 5, 2013 pp. 520-532 r Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1754-2731 DOI 10.1108/TQM-11-2012-0092 Introduction Nowadays the airline industry is characterized by heavy regulations which limit airlines’ room for maneuvering and accessing global markets compared to other industries which have paved ways for companies to transform into global players. This has prevented airlines from becoming truly global businesses by impeding crossborder merger and acquisition activities (Hanlon, 2007). To overcome the restrictions imposed by this nationality rule, airlines formed global alliances as a means to secure some of the benefits of a larger size and scope offer. Three major alliances namely Star Alliance, Oneworld and Sky Team now dominate the competitive landscape (Doganis, 2006). Airlines furthermore have to cope with marginal profitability (Hanlon, 2007). Therefore the delivery of high-quality service becomes a marketing requirement among air carriers as a result of competitive pressure (Ostrowski et al., 1993). Moreover airline passengers can experience many service encounters with front-line employees as well as in-flight attendants, this is called â€Å"moment of truth†. Passengers may judge or evaluate airline service quality through a comparison between their experiences and  ¨ expectations over a number of quality attributes (Gronroos, 2000) hence there is need to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger  satisfaction and loyalty because customer satisfaction holds a significant importance in corporate sector. The airline industry in Uganda Uganda is a landlocked country, air transport is therefore of strategic importance to the nation as it guarantees an alternative gateway to the rest of the world. It provides the most efficient and quickest transport means to Uganda and from the country to the rest of the world. The development of a safe, efficient and reliable air transport industry is thus among government’s priority programmes and Uganda’s geographical location in the heart of Africa gives Entebbe International Airport greater advantage for hub and spoke operations in especially the great lakes region (Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, 2012). Uganda’s official national carrier Uganda Airlines was liquidated in May 2001 after 24 years of operations. Attempts were made by the Ugandan Government to privatize the company, however, all interested parties which included British Airways and South African Airways pulled out leading to the carrier’s demise (Centre for Aviation, 2012). Problem sta tement Excellent passenger satisfaction is one of the greatest assets for air businesses in today’s competitive environment, the on board experience is still something special for the customer, if the passenger is not satisfied with the quality of service, they will reconsider the buying decision for further flights and will probably switch to another airline (Archana and Subha, 2012). The research related to service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry has been growing in interest because the delivery of high service quality is essential for airlines’ survival and competitiveness (Archana and Subha, 2012). A number of studies examining the effect of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction have been carried out in other countries, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) carried out such study in India, Huang (2009) in Taiwan, Munusamy et al. (2011) Malaysia, Ahadmotlaghi and Pawar (2012) India and Mohsan et al. (2011) in Pakistan and none of such s tudy has been carried out in Uganda’s airline industry which is a great motivation for this study. General objective The general objective was to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Specific objectives (1) to analyze the effect of pre-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; (2) (3) (4) to examine the effect of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; to analyze the effect of post-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; and to assess whether passenger satisfaction has a significant effect on passenger loyalty. Literature review and hypotheses The aviation sector The aviation sector has become the most important segment in the economic development of a nation. It plays a vital role in moving people or products from one place to another, be it domestic or international, especially when the distances involved are far. In a highly competitive environment the provision of high quality services to passengers is the core competitive advantage for an airline’s profitability and sustained growth. Since the air transportation market has become more Airline service quality 521 TQM 25,5 522 challenging, many airlines have turned to focus on airline service quality to increase service satisfaction since service quality conditions influences a firm’s competitive advantage by retaining customer patronage and with this comes market share (Archana and Subha, 2012). Therefore delivering quality airline services to passengers is essential for airline survival, since passengers are becoming increasingly sensitive to quality. Definitions of service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty Service quality can be defined as a consumer’s overall impression of the efficiency of the organization and its services (Park et al., 2004) or as a chain of services in which the entire service delivery is divided into a series of processes (Chen and Chang, 2005). Most definitions of service quality depend on the context and therefore focus on meeting the customers’ needs and requirements and how well the service delivered matches the customers’ expectations of it. In the airline industry, service quality is composed of various interactions between customers and airlines with employees seeking to influence customers’ perceptions and the image of the carriers (Gursoy et al., 2005). Though price is increasingly used as the primary way to attract customers; some airlines are looking more to service quality to get a competitive edge by distinguishing their products because competitors are relatively efficient in responding to price changes ( Jones and Sasser, 1995). These airlines’ competitive advantage lies in their service quality as perceived by customers (Chang and Yeh, 2002). Therefore ensuring quality service is the key for survival of all businesses/industries dealing in service offerings airlines inclusive. Oliver (1981) defined satisfaction as â€Å"a person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations†. While Hansemark and Albinson (2004) defined it as an overall customer attitude towards a service provider, or an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive regarding the fulfilment of some needs, goals or desire. The definition provided by Oliver (1981) has been used for  this study. Therefore it is very important to satisfy customers because nowadays most of them have exposure to a variety of information, they are more familiar with the present trends in technology, very well educated and more demanding in the products and services they require. Customer loyalty can be defined as â€Å"a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand purchasing despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior† (Oliver, 1997). Chin (2002) stated that an attractive frequent flier program (FFP) could actually contribute to increased loyalty from the repeat business of an increased number of customers and numerous studies have revealed that customer satisfaction positively affects loyalty (Mohsan et al., 2011; Fornell, 1992; Anderson and Jacobsen, 2000). Therefore airline companies need to review and re-examine their strategies in order to sustain customer loyalty. Effect of pre-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction In order to achieve customer satisfaction, organizations must be able to build and maintain long-lasting relationships with customers through satisfying various customer needs and demands which resultantly motivates them to continue to do business with the organization on an on -going basis (LaBarbera and Mazursky, 1983). Therefore it is presumed that pre-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction, thus: Airline service quality H1. Pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction Ng et al. (2011) stated that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. Airline passengers may experience many service encounters with in-flight attendants, this is called â€Å"moment of  truth†. Passengers may judge or evaluate airline service quality through a comparison between their experiences and  ¨ expectations, over a number of quality attributes (Gronroos, 2000) since most services are intangible. Thus because of this intangibility, most companies find it difficult to understand how customers perceive their services. Therefore in-flight attendants should focus on tangibles by communicating to the customers the features of the service being provided. Thus it is presumed that in-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction: H2. In-flight service quality has a positive effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of post-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction An after-sales service constitutes a means to uncover extra customer needs and a strategic driver for customer retention. Oliver (1997) demonstrated that extremely satisfied customers are much more likely to remain loyal to firm than those who are merely satisfied. Hence it is presumed that post-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction: H3. Post-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty A study by Mohsan et al. (2011) revealed that customer satisfaction was positively correlated with customer loyalty. It further stressed that, there was need for airline companies to always look into the needs and demands of their customers in order to survive and compete successfully in today’s dynamic corporate environment. While Fornell (1992) found that high customer satisfaction would result in increased loyalty for the firm and that customers would be less prone to overtures from competition. Thus the underlying assumption is that passenger satisfaction is positively associated with passenger loyalty: H4. Passenger satisfaction has a positive effect on passenger loyalty. Conceptual framework It gives a more detailed insight on the variables that influence passenger  satisfaction and loyalty in the airline industry based on pre-flight service quality, in-flight service quality and post-flight service quality. The variables were developed from the extensive review of literature related to the study (Figure 1). 523 TQM 25,5 524 Figure 1. Airline service quality Pre-flight Service †¢ Reliability †¢ Responsiveness †¢ Discounts In-flight Service Quality †¢ Tangibles †¢ Courtesy †¢ Language skills H1 Passenger Satisfaction H2 H4 Passenger Loyalty Post -flight Service Quality †¢ Frequent flyer programs †¢ Timeliness H3 Pre-flight service quality Quality of service is very important in ensuring customer satisfaction because frequency of bad experiences will impact a customer’s perception on the company (Munusamy et al., 2011). For example, if customers receive rude services from the same airline consistently they will be dissatisfied with the services and eventually, these customers might decide to take their businesses elsewhere. Therefore in this study, it is anticipated that pre-flight service quality (such as reliability of airline web site, discount offers, responsiveness to emergency situations like cancelled flights and baggage allowance have an influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty). In-flight service quality In a study by Ng et al. (2011) stated that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. Therefore in order to develop a good customer service, the in-flight crew should put emphasis on tangible cues in order to create a strong organizational image. Hence it is suggested that in-flight services such as (safety percussions, seat comfort, quality of food, in-flight entertainment services, language skills and courtesy of in-flight crew) affect customer satisfaction. Post-flight service quality Post-flight services like offering FFP, promptness of baggage delivery and retrieval are regarded as important factors that have an impact on establishing good relationships with customers which eventually influence satisfaction and loyalty. In order to survive and grow, airlines regardless of place of operation, have to be both internationally competitive and must continuously improve all aspects of their operations (Doganis, 2006). Research methodology Research paradigm Positivist paradigm was adopted because it relies mainly on statistical and quantitative estimations to arrive at a conclusion. Population and unit of analysis The population was made up of 13,558 passengers based on Uganda’s international seat capacity per week by carrier for the selected airlines between 28 November 2011 and 4 December 2011 (Centre for Aviation, 2012). It comprised of international passengers who had at least travelled once in the last 12 months with the selected airlines operating at Entebbe International Airport. This meant that the participants had a clear view about airlines’ services. These airlines included: Air Uganda, Precision air, Kenya airways, Rwanda air and Fly 540. In order to ensure fairness and accuracy of the study, airlines registered within East Africa were chosen. Compared to other regions in Africa, East Africa forms a relatively homogeneous group of countries in many respects. This homogeneity creates a favourable environment towards the emergence of an integrated air transport market. Entebbe airport was chosen because it is the one that handles international flights in Uganda. Sample design This study adopted convenience sampling. Sampling was done by interviewing randomly selected passengers, waiting for their flights at different times of the day, on every day of the week, during the period 19 July to 15 August 2012. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was divided into five sections, the first section was about the demographic profile of respondents and second, third and fourth sections were designed to evaluate passengers’ overall experiences with the quality of services they had received from the airlines and the last was dealing with the effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty. Sample size Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table was used in determining the sample size of a randomly chosen sample from a given finite population of 13,558 based on Uganda’s international seat capacity per week, by carrier for the selected airlines between 28 – November 2011 and 4 –December 2011 (Centre for Aviation, 2012). Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table indicates that if the study population size is 13,558, a statistically representative sample size should be 378 respondents. However, out of the 378 questionnaires that were  distributed, a total of 303 questionnaires were complete and had valid responses, 75 questionnaires were incomplete hence they were removed. The number of passengers sampled per airline was based on how busy the airline was at the airport during the period 19 July to 15 August 2012. The actual sample size of 303 respondents was valid for this study, because studies which had dealt with passengers as a unit of inquiry had relatively dealt with sample sizes ranging from 270 to 602, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) sampled 270 respondents; Munusamy et al. (2011) sampled 300 and Huang (2009) sampled 602 respondents. Also (Roscoe, 1975 in Sekaran, 2003) proposed some rules of thumb in determining sample size of which one of it stated that, â€Å"sample sizes larger than 30 and o500 are appropriate for most researchers†. It has also argued that in order to use w2, the overall number of items should be at least 50 (Kothari, 2004) hence the actual sample was fairly enough and suitable for models which were to be used in data analysis (Table I). Data collection methods Data were collected using both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires which consisted of five sections on the following aspects: respondents’ profile, quality of pre-flight services, in-flight services, post-flight services and the effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty. The questions were phrased in the form of statements scored on a five-point Likert type scale, ranking from 1 â€Å"strongly disagree† to 5 â€Å"strongly agree†. The study was conducted in the departure hall of Entebbe International Airport. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents who had under taken at least one international flight in the previous 12 months with the selected airlines. Face-to-face Airline service quality 525 TQM 25,5 Carrier airline name 526 Table I. Sample frame Population (total number of seats per week) between 28/11/11 and 4/12/11 Intended sample Actual sample Air Uganda Kenya airways Precision air Rwanda air express Fly 540 aviation Total 4,392 6,280 564 948 1,374 13,558 72 158 65 51 31 378 58 127 52 41 25 303 interviews of passengers waiting for their flights were conducted at Entebbe airport. A total of 303 sets of usable questionnaires were successfully collected yielding a response rate of 80 per cent. To reduce the refusals to participate or to answer specific questions, the researcher contacted passengers politely by explaining the purpose and contribution of the research. Reliability and validity Cronbach a was used to test the internal consistency for all items under respective variables. Hair et al. (2006) suggested that Cronbach’s a coefficient over 0.6 is adequate for basic research. The reliability of each construct was assessed by using Cronbach’s a measure which in the experiment was ranging from 0.645 to 0.850, indicating that the scale are internally consistent and reasonably free of measurement error. To ensure the perfection of the study tool, a pilot study was also conducted (Table II). Data analysis Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16. w2-test was used as a way of testing the hypothesis and regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. This is in line with what was used in similar empirical studies, for example, Munusamy et al. (2011) used Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis while Mohsan et al. (2011) used Microsoft excel and SPSS 16 to analyze data. Descriptive statistics was used to provide an overview  on the profile of international passengers using Entebbe International Airport. Interpretation and discussion of findings Hypotheses results w 2 was used in determining the relationships and significance of the variables. Testing of hypotheses was at 95 per cent level of confidence interval and results from this were Sl.No Table II. Reliability of various service factors Factors I II III IV V Pre-flight In-flight Post-flight Passenger satisfaction Passenger loyalty Number of statements Number of cases Cronbach’s a 8 8 3 3 6 303 303 303 303 303 0.723 0.819 0.645 0.704 0.850 used to reach the conclusions. To verify the causal relationships, regression was used for determining the correlation coefficients amongst variables: Airline service quality H1. Pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In the study, respondents were asked to express their opinions on different items that measured pre-flight service quality on a five-point Likert scale that ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Results showed that seven out of eight measurable indicators of pre-flight service quality had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction since they scored w2-values that were above the table value of 26.296 and also registered significant values less than the critical value of 0.05. It can therefore be concluded that pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. This is in line with findings by (Munusamy et al., 2011) whose results showed that pre-flight service  quality had a positive impact on customer satisfaction. These results imply that if airline companies are to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction, they should deliver a high level of service quality, as it is normally considered an antecedent of customer satisfaction. In addition to the w2-test, correlations of indicators of pre-flight service quality were regressed against passenger satisfaction to confirm the results got from the w2-tests. Regression results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between pre-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction. Findings also indicated that from among the measurable indicators of pre-flight service quality prompt response to emergencies (r  ¼ 0.434) and reliability of airlines’ web site (r  ¼ 0.429) were among the strongest contributors to passenger satisfaction compared to price charged (r  ¼ 0.337) and baggage allowance (r  ¼ 0.122). Results therefore implied that improvement in the quality of pre-flight services offered by airline companies would result into passenger satisfaction: H2. In-flight service quality has a positive effect on passenger satisfaction. From the respondents’ opinions, all the measurable indicators of in-flight service quality had a p ositive significant effect on passenger satisfaction since they all registered significant values of 0.000 that were less than the critical value of 0.05. This concurs with the findings by Ng et al. (2011) who confirmed that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. The findings imply that inflight services are one of the key drivers of ensuring passenger satisfaction (Table III). Additional analysis was performed were in-flight variables were cross-tabbed and regressed against passenger satisfaction in order to confirm the results got from w2-tests. Results from table below at 95 per cent confidence interval revealed that indeed in-flight service quality had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction because all significant values were 0.000 which was below the critical value 0.05 that is to say ( po0.05). This therefore confirmed that there was a significant positive relationship between in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction. Amongst the in-flight variables, comfort and cleanliness (r  ¼ 0.460), safety (r  ¼ 0.400) and quality of food (r  ¼ 0.397) had more impact on passenger satisfaction compared to employee appearance and crew uniforms (r  ¼ 0.268) This therefore implies that airlines should improve on their inflight services, for example, quality of food, safety measures and comfort of seats since they have higher impact on passenger satisfaction (Table IV): H3. Post-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. 527 TQM 25,5 In-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 528 4 5 6 7 I feel safe when I fly with this airline The aircraft has clean and comfortable  interiors and seats. Employees of this airline appear neat  and tidy The airline provides quality food  The cabin crew of this airline is  friendly and has good language skills. The airline provides good in-flight  services consistently My in-flight experiences with this  airline has exceeded my expectations The in-flight services that this airline  offers are worth what I pay for Table III. 8 w2-test for in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction Note: *Critical value at 0.05 significance  ¼ 26.296 w2 Df Sign Status 16 0.000 Significant 1.500E2* 16 0.000 Significant 1.192E2* 99.534* 16 16 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant 1.296E2* 16 0.000 Significant 79.790* 16 0.000 Significant 89.575* 16 0.000 Significant 69.843* 16 0.000 Significant R R2 Significance 0.400 0.460 0.160 0.212 0.000 0.000 0.268 0.397 0.072 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.365 0.380 0.133 0.144 0.000 0.000 0.355 0.126 0.000 0.301 0.507 0.091 0.257 0.000 0.000 85.831* In-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table IV. Regression of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction 8 I am less worried when I fly with this airline because I feel safe when I fly with it The aircraft has clean and comfortable interiors and seats Employees of this airline appear neat and tidy and I like the crew uniforms The airline provides quality food (Cuisine ) and beverages The cabin crew of this airline are friendly and have good  language skills The airline provides good in-flight services consistently My in-flight experiences with this airline has exceeded my  expectations Considering the in-flight services that this airline offers; they are worth what I pay for Overall in-flight service quality From Table V, all the three post-flight indicators registered w2-values above the table values of 26.296 and indicated significant values less than the critical value (0.000o0.05). These results indicate that the quality of post-flight services has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Oliver (1997) demonstrated that extremely satisfied customers were much more likely to remain loyal to firm than those who were merely satisfied. Therefore this implies that a company has to create customer relationships that deliver value beyond those provided by the core product (Table V). Further analysis was performed to identify the causal relationship amongst these variables were by indicators of post-flight service quality were regressed on passenger satisfaction. Results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the quality of post-flight services and passenger satisfaction. From the indicators of post-flight services, passenger comments and concerns (r  ¼ 0.503) had more predictive power on passenger satisfaction because it had a higher correction coefficient compared to the FFP (r  ¼ 0.325): Airline service quality H4. Passenger satisfaction has a positive effect on passenger loyalty. Results from Table VI show that passenger satisfaction has a significant effect on passenger loyalty. This concurs with previous studies by Parasuraman et al. (1988) and Anderson and Sullivan (1993) who concluded that customer satisfaction was one of the major determinants of customer loyalty. This aspect is strengthened by Lin and Wang (2006), whose study concluded that customer satisfaction influences customer loyalty. This relationship has been investigated in previous studies for example findings by (Yang and Peterson, 2004) suggested that customer loyalty can be generated through improving customer satisfaction and offering high product/service value. Therefore delivering high quality in the airline industry should be recognized as the most effective means of ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty. 529 Conclusion In general the study findings have coincided with other studies that the quality of airlines’ services has a significant influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Findings indicated that pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In addition to that, passenger satisfaction as a mediating variable also had a significant effect on passenger loyalty. The study results imply that airline marketers should develop various strategies to improve service quality, for example, meeting passengers’ desired service levels, improving the quality of in-flight meals, solving service problems effectively, developing convenient reservation and ticketing systems, making convenient schedules for passengers and reducing the effect of service failures as these directly affect passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Implications of the results to the various stakeholders Managerial implications to the airline companies The results of this study highlight to management that safety and security are the most important in-flight service quality dimensions in international  air travel as perceived w2 df Sign Status 62.255* 66.676* 1.316E* 16 16 16 0.000 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant Significant Post-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 The airline has a sound loyalty programme to  recognize you as a frequent customer This airline has efficient baggage handling My concerns are highly valued by this airline Note: *Critical value at 0.05 significance  ¼ 26.296 Passenger satisfaction variables 1 2 3 In comparison to other airlines, am satisfied with the  airline’ services Am satisfied with this airline’s personnel This airline values customers’ comments w2 df Sign Status 1.560E2 89.604 1.100E2 16 16 16 0.000 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant Significant Table V. w2-test results for post-flight services and passenger satisfaction Table VI. w2-test results for passenger satisfaction and passenger loyalty TQM 25,5 530 by airline passengers. This may be as a result of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the Iraq War and the constant threat of terrorism. To address the public’s growing concern about air travel safety, airlines should be receptive to consumer input. Airlines should inform the public of their continuous drive to provide a safer flying environment and should publicize the security improvements of the international air travel industry to boost consumer confidence. Government policy makers Government should reduce on the ill-conceived policy initiatives that over-regulate and excessively charge high taxes from airline companies as this limits airlines registered within East Africa from competing effectively with other airlines from other nations due to economic hardships. This prevents aviation from being the catalyst for economic growth. Based on the study findings, the effect of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty imply that a company with good airline services is more likely to stand out in the market place because it draws both repeat customers and trial users Therefore airline companies should strive to be consistent with the quality of services they offer to their passengers. Recommendations Customers have to be actively involved in the service process to ensure their satisfaction and commitment (loyalty) in the long run. The coordination of the different airline service components, as well as their incorporation in a clear and integrated communication strategy further supports the creation of a harmonious brand image in customers’ minds, which is the basis for the development of relationships between customers and the airline and, this could result into the development of true customer loyalty. Airline companies should strive for value creation and appropriate allocation of resources in international air travel by creating more realistic consumers’ expectations about the promises that airlines make as this may increase the level of passenger satisfaction, for example, through meeting customers’ desired service levels, dealing effectively with dissatisfied customers and confronting customer complaints positively. This will enable management to differ entiate their brand from other airlines in terms of service quality. Suggested areas for further research This study was limited in the context of airline services for international passengers. Domestic passengers’ opinions on the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty might be different from that of international passengers. Hence, an empirical examination needs to be undertaken in order to assess how domestic passengers’ opinions are different from that of international passengers. 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(2003), Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, 4th ed., John Wiley Sons, Inc, New York, NY. Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (2012), â€Å"About Uganda†, available at: www.caa.co.ug (accessed 3 June 2012). Yang, Z. and Peterson, R.T. (2004), â€Å"Customer perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: the role of switching costs†, Psychology Marketing, Vol. 21 No. 10, pp. 799-822. Further reading Zeithaml, V.A. and Bitner, M.J. (1996), Services Marketing, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Corresponding author Juliet Namukasa can be contacted at: [emailprotected] To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [emailprotected] Or visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints